Effectiveness of Nurse-Family Partnership on child outcomes by patterns of program intensity: Secondary evidence from a randomized controlled trial (British Columbia Healthy Connections Project)
July 24, 2025Catherine, N.L.A., Zheng, Y., Xie, H., Boyle, M., Jack, S., MacMillan, H., & Waddell, C. (2025). Effectiveness of Nurse-Family Partnership on child outcomes by patterns of program intensity: Secondary evidence from a randomized controlled trial (British Columbia Healthy Connections Project). Child Abuse & Neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107600
Abstract
Background
Nurse-Family Partnership’s (NFP’s) effectiveness at improving child outcomes is likely influenced by patterns of program provision and engagement, or ‘intensity’.
Objective
To investigate program effectiveness by patterns of intensity.
Participants and setting
We analyzed secondary data from the Canadian NFP randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 739 maternal participants and their 737 children in British Columbia.
Methods
Participants were randomly allocated 1:1 to NFP and existing services (n = 368) or existing services (n = 371). We collected data on child injuries, language, cognition and problem behavior (mental health) at age two years (by November 2019). We estimated principal causal effects (PCE) using propensity score (PS) methods.
Results
We identified three NFP intensity patterns: Low (median [Mdn] 14 visits), Partial (Mdn 52) and Sustained (Mdn 83). For NFP participants, we found statistically-significant differences in group mean scores (mean M [SD]): for Sustained on observed language (NFP 94.55 [16.71] versus PS-matched controls 89.97 [16.76]; PCE = 5.8, 95 % CI 0.57, 11.03, p = 0.030) and problem behavior (NFP 51.33 [9.04] versus PS-matched controls 56.43 [9.38]; PCE = -5.10, 95 % CI -8.27, −1.93, p = 0.002); and for Partial on maternal-reported language (NFP 313.43 [200.36]) versus PS-matched controls (255.99 [183.56]; PCE = 65.05, 95 % CI 24.09, 106.00, p = 0.013).
Conclusions
Delivering NFP as intended, with sustained intensity, led to greater benefits regarding child language and problem behavior (mental health) but not cognition or injuries by age two years. These complementary analyses provide crucial information, beyond standard RCT analyses, on NFP’s effectiveness in this Canadian cohort. Our results highlight the importance of ensuring full NFP intensity to maximize program benefits for children.